At this point, I have only tried the SD example sketches built into the Arduino IDE (version Arduino 1.5.3-Intel.1.0.3). All seem to do the same thing - upload OK but then just hang with no errors or messages. I think the sketch is waiting on the SD card to connect. And I think it doesn't connect because these sketches are using SPI communications as a normal SD card shield requires instead of whatever the Edison-Arduino uses.
So, I'm still trying to understand how to access the breakout board SD slot with an Arduino sketch.
If you can give me an example of how C/C++ would access this breakout board SD slot, maybe I could adapt it to an Arduino sketch. Or are you thinking the SD can only be accessed in C/C++ and not a normal Arduino sketch?